4. Social-Cultural Life

Key Elements to the Social-Cultural Background of Jesus’ Time: Appreciating the World and Life of Israel and Galilee under the Romans

Population

Sibylline Oracles, 3.271

Josephus, War 2.398

Josephus, War 7.43

Strabo

Josephus, Antiquities14.115

Philo, Flaccus 7.46

Philo, Flaccus, 6.43

Josephus, Contra Apion, 1.197

Geography-Agriculture-Travel

Values, Literacy, Life Expectancy

Wisdom 7:1-2

Philo, Special Laws 3.169-71, 178

Sirach 42:12-14

m. Aboth 5.21

m Sotah 3.4

Family and Home

m Kethuboth 4.4-5

Pesahim 3.7

Ketuboth 5.2

Shebiith 7.4

Halla 2.7

Politics and Power

Economics

m Nedarim 6.4

Josephus, Antiquities 16.153-155

Josephus, Antiquities 14.203

Religion

1 Maccabees

Psalms of Solomon

1 Maccabees 1:12-15

1 Maccabees 1:15

1 Maccabees 1:20-21

Jubilees 2:17-22

Jubilees 50:6-13

CD 10-12

m Shabbath 7.2

m Tohoroth

Josephus, Antiquities 15.380, 420-421

Josephus, Antiquities 20.219

Ag. Apion 2.102-105

Josephus, Jewish War 6.126

Josephus, Jewish War 5.199

m Middot 2.5

m. Tamid 1.4

Josephus, Jewish War 5.219

Josephus, Ag. Apion 2.108

Josephus, Antiquities 7.365

m. Sukkah 5.6

m Tamid 4

Josephus, Antiquities 3.230-232

Philo, Special Laws 1.226; 235

Josephus, Antiquities 17.214

Josephus, Antiquities 3.248-249

Jubilees 49:16, 18, 20-21

Philo, Special Laws 2.145-149

Philo, Questions on Exodus 1.10

Josephus, Antiquities 14.260

Josephus, Antiquities 15.50

m Sukkah 5.4

Josephus, Antiquities 3.264

m Yoma 8.1

m. Yoma 3.8

Sirach 50:14-21

1 Maccabees 4:36-59

Josephus, Antiquities 18.16.17

Psalms of Solomon 17–18

Testament of Reuben 6:7-8

Testament of Judah 21:1-5

Testament of Dan 5:10-11

Testament of Joseph 19:5-11

The Messianic Rule=1QSa; see esp. 2:20

4QpIsa 8–10:23

CD 6:11; 12:22-23; 13:20-22; 14:18-19; 19:9-11; 19:34-20:1

1 Enoch 39–71, esp. 46:1-5; 48:2-7; 62:3-14; 63:11; 69:27–70:1; 71:17;

4 Ezra (= 2 Esdras) 13

1 Maccabees 14:41

Testament of Levi 8:14-15

Philo, Special Laws 1.11 [64-65]

4QTest; 1QS 9:11

Sirach 48:1-11

Key Sects

Josephus, Antiquities, 18.16-17.

Josephus, Jewish War 2.164-165).

Josephus, Antiquities 13.171

Josephus, Antiquities 13.288-298

Josephus, Antiquities 18.12-15

Josephus, Jewish War 2.162-163

Josephus, Life 2.12

Josephus, Antiquities 17.141-142

Josephus, Jewish War 1.648

Josephus, Jewish War 1.78-81

Josephus, Antiquities 13.311-313

Philo, Good Man 76-77

Philo, Hypothetica 11.8-9

Philo, Every Good Man 86-87

Philo, Hypothetica 11.10-11

Josephus, Jewish War 2.122-125

Josephus, Antiquities 18.20

Josephus, Jewish War 2.128

Josephus, Antiquities 18.18-22

Josephus, Antiquities 14.450

Josephus, Jewish War 1.326

Josephus, Antiquities 18.23-25

Josephus, Antiquities 18.7-8